Mineralogical Simulant

Opalite

Synthetic Glass / Man-made Opal Simulant

Tiny rounded brown mineral grain

Indeterminate; possibly iron oxide, garnet, or a weathered sulfide grain

Veined metamorphic cobble, likely serpentinite

Serpentinite, commonly dominated by antigorite/lizardite with magnetite and cross-cutting quartz or calcite veins

Blue-gray tumbled stone, likely labradorite or blue-gray feldspar

Plagioclase feldspar, possibly labradorite (NaAlSi₃O₈–CaAl₂Si₂O₈)

Iron-rich laterite or weathered ironstone pebble

Goethite–hematite-rich ferruginous duricrust; commonly approximated as FeO(OH) and Fe₂O₃

Diamond (or Cubic Zirconia)

Carbon (C) or Zirconium Dioxide (ZrO2)

Optical Calcite

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

Greenstone, likely serpentinite

Serpentinite; predominantly serpentine-group minerals, Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄, with possible magnetite, chlorite, and talc

Tumbled gray chalcedony or quartz pebble

Microcrystalline quartz (SiO₂), possibly gray chalcedony

Tumbled gabbro (likely larvikite or related mafic rock)

Coarse-grained mafic intrusive rock; chiefly plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and minor biotite/amphibole

Weathered volcanic rock fragment

Indeterminate fine-grained mafic-to-intermediate igneous rock; possibly andesite or basalt

Serpentine (Greenstone)

Antigorite, Lizardite, and Chrysolite mixture (Mg3Si2O5(OH)4)

Limestone or Sandstone Cobble

Sedimentary rock (Calcium carbonate or Quartz based)

Yellow jasper or polished yellow chalcedony

Microcrystalline quartz, SiO₂, likely iron-stained jasper/chalcedony

Cubic Zirconia

Cubic Zirconia (Zirconium Dioxide, ZrO2)

Serpentine (Nephrite-like Serpentine)

Serpentinite (Hydrous magnesium iron phyllosilicate)

Colorless faceted gemstone (likely cubic zirconia)

Cubic zirconia, ZrO₂ (synthetic zirconium dioxide); possibly synthetic glass or lab-grown diamond

Serpentinite

Serpentinite (composed primarily of Serpentine group minerals: (Mg,Fe,Ni,Al,Zn,Mn)2-3(Si,Al,Fe)2O5(OH)4)

Cubic Zirconia (CZ)

Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2)

Mixed River Pebbles

Clastic Sedimentary Alluvial Deposit / Polymictic Conglomerate Clasts

Osumilite in Granite Matrix

(K,Na)(Fe,Mg)2(Al,Fe)3(Si,Al)12O30

Raw green calcite (likely)

Calcite, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃)

Sandstone

Clastic sedimentary rock (primarily SiO2)

Fossilized bivalve shell

Fossil mollusk, likely an oyster or similar bivalve; original shell composed of calcium carbonate (aragonite/calcite)

Weathered iron-rich volcanic rock

Likely altered basalt or andesite with iron-oxide staining

Sandstone Concretion

Ferruginous Sandstone Concretion (Primarily SiO2 with Iron Oxide cement)

Diorite

Diorite (an intermediate intrusive igneous rock)

Iron-rich concretion or slag-like rock

Goethite–hematite limonite concretion, possibly iron slag

Eclogite

Eclogite (Omphacite-Garnet rock)

Amphibolite

Amphibolite (rich in amphibole and plagioclase feldspar)

Quartzite

Quartzite (SiO2)

Granite

Phaneritic Igneous Rock (composed primarily of Quartz, Alkali Feldspar, and Plagioclase)

Granite

Granite (Felsic intrusive igneous rock)

Gneiss

High-grade Metamorphic Gneiss

Eclogite

Eclogite (Omphacite-Garnet rock)

Granite

Phaneritic Felsic Igneous Rock

Granite

Phaneritic Felsic Igneous Rock

Granite

Phaneritic Felsic Igneous Rock

Orbicular jasper

Orbicular jasper (microcrystalline quartz/chalcedony with iron-oxide and volcanic inclusions)

Tumbled yellow quartz-rich stone, likely yellow jasper or quartzite

Jasper/quartzite; mainly microcrystalline quartz (SiO₂), with iron-oxide staining

Tumbled serpentine

Serpentinite; chiefly serpentine-group minerals (antigorite, lizardite, chrysotile)

Serpentinite (probable)

Serpentinite, dominated by serpentine-group minerals (Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄), with dark magnetite or chromite and pale carbonate/talc possible