Mineralogical Simulant

Weathered sandstone pebble

Quartz-rich sandstone, likely iron-oxide-stained (SiO₂-dominant)

Rounded river pebble, likely quartz-rich sandstone or weathered quartzite

Indeterminate; probable quartz (SiO₂)-rich clastic rock

Greenstone pebble

Likely chlorite- or epidote-bearing metamafic rock (metabasalt/greenschist)

Probable weathered basalt or andesite

Fine-grained mafic to intermediate volcanic rock; commonly plagioclase ± pyroxene, amphibole, and iron oxides

Granite

Felsic intrusive igneous rock

Weathered porphyritic volcanic rock

Likely andesite or dacite, with feldspar phenocrysts in a fine-grained groundmass

Sandstone (Quartzose Sandstone)

Arenite (primarily SiO2 with minor Fe2O3)

Weathered iron-rich rock, possibly limonite-bearing sandstone

Limonite/goethite-bearing sandstone or ferruginous conglomeratic rock

Likely weathered basalt or andesite fragment

Fine-grained mafic to intermediate volcanic rock; commonly plagioclase ± pyroxene ± olivine

Iron-rich meteorite candidate

Undetermined stony-iron or iron meteorite; possible weathered iron meteorite

Diamond (or Diamond Simulant/Cubic Zirconia)

Carbon (C) - if diamond, or Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) - if Cubic Zirconia

Serpentinite (likely antigorite-rich)

Serpentinite; chiefly serpentine-group minerals, Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄, with possible magnetite and minor chromite

Jasper and Greenstone Pebble

Siliceous rock / Metamorphic pebble

Blue-green raw mineral specimen, likely apatite

Fluorapatite, Ca₅(PO₄)₃F (probable; visual identification only)

Weathered iron-rich rock, possibly limonite-bearing sandstone or laterite

Limonite/goethite mixture (hydrated iron oxides), composition uncertain from image

Colorless faceted gemstone, likely cubic zirconia

Cubic zirconia (synthetic zirconium dioxide, ZrO₂); possibly colorless quartz or laboratory diamond

Black volcanic rock, likely basalt

Basalt; primarily plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene, commonly with minor olivine or magnetite

Polished porphyritic volcanic rock, likely andesite or basalt

Porphyritic andesite/basalt; commonly plagioclase and pyroxene phenocrysts in a fine volcanic groundmass

Greenish weathered volcanic rock, likely altered basalt

Altered basalt/mafic volcanic rock; green coloration may reflect chlorite, epidote, or celadonite

Likely weathered basalt pebble

Basalt, a fine-grained mafic volcanic rock; commonly composed of plagioclase, pyroxene, and minor olivine

Granite

Intrusive igneous rock composed mainly of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase

Gneiss (specifically a granitic gneiss cobble)

Gneiss (high-grade regional metamorphic rock)

Unidentified rounded mineral/rock fragment

Indeterminate; likely a weathered quartz-rich stone or iron-stained granite fragment

Gneiss

Gneiss

Unidentified gray weathered rock

Possibly weathered granite or granitic gneiss; exact identification requires a fresh surface and tests

Howlite

Calcium borosilicate hydroxide (Ca2B5SiO9(OH)5)

Charoite

Charoite (K(Ca,Na)2Si4O10(OH,F)·nH2O)

Hypersthene

Enstatite (Hypersthene variety), (Mg,Fe)SiO3

Greenstone / altered basalt (probable)

Chlorite–epidote–actinolite aggregate; commonly metabasalt (greenstone)

Iron-rich breccia or weathered ironstone

Goethite–hematite-bearing ferruginous rock, possibly limonite

Serpentine-rich metamorphic rock

Serpentinite, likely with quartz or calcite veining and minor magnetite

Quartz-bearing rock, possibly weathered granite or pegmatite

Quartz–feldspar–mica aggregate; exact classification is uncertain from the image

Quartz-rich pegmatite (weathered feldspar–quartz rock)

Granitic pegmatite; primarily quartz (SiO₂), feldspar, and minor biotite/iron-oxide minerals

Uncertain polymict breccia or altered volcanic rock

Likely hydrothermally altered volcanic breccia; exact mineral identification requires testing

Mica Schist

Mica Schist (primarily Muscovite or Biotite)

Brown agate or chalcedony cabochon pendant

Microcrystalline quartz (SiO₂), likely brown chalcedony/agate

Green faceted gemstone, likely emerald

Beryl, Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈, colored green by chromium and/or vanadium

Vesicular Basalt (Scoria)

Extrusive Mafic Volcanic Rock (FeO-SiO2-MgO)

Colorless faceted gemstone (likely cubic zirconia)

Cubic zirconia, zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂); possibly synthetic quartz or glass imitation

Weathered granite or granitic gneiss

Granite; chiefly quartz, feldspar, and mica/amphibole

Rounded graywacke or sandstone cobble

Lithified clastic sandstone; likely quartz–feldspar–lithic grain aggregate in a silica or calcite matrix

Likely basalt (possibly iron-rich volcanic rock)

Basalt; predominantly plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and commonly olivine or iron oxides